And he said unto them, The LORD is witness against you, and his anointed is witness this day, that ye have not found ought in my hand. And they answered, He is witness.
1 Samuel
The Book of 1 Samuel marks a pivotal transition in Israel’s history—from tribal leadership under judges to monarchy under kings. Centered on the ministries and reigns of Samuel, Saul, and David, the book explores leadership, obedience, and God’s sovereignty in choosing and shaping rulers.
The book opens with the birth of Samuel, a child of promise dedicated to the LORD by his mother, Hannah. Samuel grows to become a prophet and judge during a spiritually unsettled period. His calling restores the voice of God to Israel at a time when revelation was rare, signaling renewal amid decline.
As Israel faces pressure from surrounding nations, the people demand a king “like all the nations.” God grants their request, not as an endorsement of their motive, but as part of His unfolding plan. Saul is anointed as Israel’s first king—impressive in stature and initially humble. Early victories bring hope, but Saul’s reign quickly reveals a pattern of partial obedience and growing insecurity.
A defining theme of 1 Samuel is that obedience matters more than appearance or position. Saul’s failure to trust and obey God leads to his rejection as king. In contrast, God chooses David—not for his outward strength, but for his heart. David’s anointing marks a shift from human expectation to divine selection.
The latter portion of the book follows the tension between Saul and David. David’s rise in favor, courage, and leadership intensifies Saul’s jealousy, leading to pursuit and persecution. Despite opportunities to retaliate, David repeatedly refuses to harm Saul, demonstrating restraint, faith, and trust in God’s timing.
Throughout the narrative, God is shown as the true king of Israel. Victory and defeat hinge not on military power, but on reliance upon the LORD. Prophets speak truth to power, and leadership is measured by submission to God’s word.
The Book of 1 Samuel ends in tragedy with Saul’s death, leaving the kingdom poised for transition. The story remains unfinished, pointing forward to David’s reign and the continuing development of God’s redemptive plan.
1 Samuel teaches that leadership without obedience leads to ruin, while faithfulness—often forged through hardship—prepares the way for lasting purpose. It calls readers to trust God’s authority, wait for His timing, and value character over control.
1 Samuel 12:6
And Samuel said unto the people, It is the LORD that advanced Moses and Aaron, and that brought your fathers up out of the land of Egypt.
1 Samuel 12:7
Now therefore stand still, that I may reason with you before the LORD of all the righteous acts of the LORD, which he did to you and to your fathers.
1 Samuel 12:8
When Jacob was come into Egypt, and your fathers cried unto the LORD, then the LORD sent Moses and Aaron, which brought forth your fathers out of Egypt, and made them dwell in this place.
1 Samuel 12:9
And when they forgat the LORD their God, he sold them into the hand of Sisera, captain of the host of Hazor, and into the hand of the Philistines, and into the hand of the king of Moab, and they fought against them.
1 Samuel 13:1
Saul reigned one year; and when he had reigned two years over Israel,
1 Samuel 13:10
And it came to pass, that as soon as he had made an end of offering the burnt offering, behold, Samuel came; and Saul went out to meet him, that he might salute him.
1 Samuel 13:11
And Samuel said, What hast thou done? And Saul said, Because I saw that the people were scattered from me, and that thou camest not within the days appointed, and that the Philistines gathered themselves together at Michmash;
1 Samuel 13:12
Therefore said I, The Philistines will come down now upon me to Gilgal, and I have not made supplication unto the LORD: I forced myself therefore, and offered a burnt offering.
1 Samuel 13:13
And Samuel said to Saul, Thou hast done foolishly: thou hast not kept the commandment of the LORD thy God, which he commanded thee: for now would the LORD have established thy kingdom upon Israel for ever.
1 Samuel 13:14
But now thy kingdom shall not continue: the LORD hath sought him a man after his own heart, and the LORD hath commanded him to be captain over his people, because thou hast not kept that which the LORD commanded thee.
1 Samuel 13:15
And Samuel arose, and gat him up from Gilgal unto Gibeah of Benjamin. And Saul numbered the people that were present with him, about six hundred men.
1 Samuel 13:16
And Saul, and Jonathan his son, and the people that were present with them, abode in Gibeah of Benjamin: but the Philistines encamped in Michmash.
1 Samuel 13:17
And the spoilers came out of the camp of the Philistines in three companies: one company turned unto the way that leadeth to Ophrah, unto the land of Shual:
1 Samuel 13:18
And another company turned the way to Bethhoron: and another company turned to the way of the border that looketh to the valley of Zeboim toward the wilderness.
1 Samuel 13:19
Now there was no smith found throughout all the land of Israel: for the Philistines said, Lest the Hebrews make them swords or spears:
1 Samuel 13:2
Saul chose him three thousand men of Israel; whereof two thousand were with Saul in Michmash and in mount Bethel, and a thousand were with Jonathan in Gibeah of Benjamin: and the rest of the people he sent every man to his tent.
1 Samuel 13:20
But all the Israelites went down to the Philistines, to sharpen every man his share, and his coulter, and his axe, and his mattock.
1 Samuel 13:21
Yet they had a file for the mattocks, and for the coulters, and for the forks, and for the axes, and to sharpen the goads.
1 Samuel 13:22
So it came to pass in the day of battle, that there was neither sword nor spear found in the hand of any of the people that were with Saul and Jonathan: but with Saul and with Jonathan his son was there found.
1 Samuel 13:23
And the garrison of the Philistines went out to the passage of Michmash.
1 Samuel 13:3
And Jonathan smote the garrison of the Philistines that was in Geba, and the Philistines heard of it. And Saul blew the trumpet throughout all the land, saying, Let the Hebrews hear.
1 Samuel 13:4
And all Israel heard say that Saul had smitten a garrison of the Philistines, and that Israel also was had in abomination with the Philistines. And the people were called together after Saul to Gilgal.
1 Samuel 13:5
And the Philistines gathered themselves together to fight with Israel, thirty thousand chariots, and six thousand horsemen, and people as the sand which is on the sea shore in multitude: and they came up, and pitched in Michmash, eastward from Bethaven.
1 Samuel 13:6
When the men of Israel saw that they were in a strait, (for the people were distressed,) then the people did hide themselves in caves, and in thickets, and in rocks, and in high places, and in pits.
1 Samuel 13:7
And some of the Hebrews went over Jordan to the land of Gad and Gilead. As for Saul, he was yet in Gilgal, and all the people followed him trembling.
1 Samuel 13:8
And he tarried seven days, according to the set time that Samuel had appointed: but Samuel came not to Gilgal; and the people were scattered from him.
1 Samuel 13:9
And Saul said, Bring hither a burnt offering to me, and peace offerings. And he offered the burnt offering.
1 Samuel 14:1
Now it came to pass upon a day, that Jonathan the son of Saul said unto the young man that bare his armour, Come, and let us go over to the Philistines’ garrison, that is on the other side. But he told not his father.
1 Samuel 14:10
But if they say thus, Come up unto us; then we will go up: for the LORD hath delivered them into our hand: and this shall be a sign unto us.